카테고리 없음

바르도bardo, antarabhāva

VIS VITALIS 2020. 2. 12. 20:44





바르도(Bardo)는 불교에서 사유(死有)에서 생유(生有)로 이어지는 중간적 존재인 중유(中有, antarabhāva)를 말한다. 중음(中陰), 중간계(中間界)라고도 번역한다. 바르도는 티벳 불교의 용어이다.




antarabhāva


antara-bhāva


QUICK REFERENCE

(Skt., ‘intermediate state’).

The period, according to Hindus, which intervenes between death and rebirth. The term was taken into Buddhism, although there is no soul (ātman) being reborn. In Japanese, the intermediate state is chūu or chūin.




In some schools of Buddhism, bardo (Classical Tibetan: བར་དོ་ Wylie: bar do), antarabhāva (Sanskrit), or chūu (Japanese: 中有)[1] is an intermediate, transitional, or liminal state between death and rebirth. It is a concept which arose soon after the Buddha's passing, with a number of earlier Buddhist groups accepting the existence of such an intermediate state, while other schools rejected it. In Tibetan Buddhism, bardo is the central theme of the Bardo Thodol (literally Liberation Through Hearing During the Intermediate State), the Tibetan Book of the Dead.

Used loosely, "bardo" is the state of existence intermediate between two lives on earth. According to Tibetan tradition, after death and before one's next birth, when one's consciousness is not connected with a physical body, one experiences a variety of phenomena. These usually follow a particular sequence of degeneration from, just after death, the clearest experiences of reality of which one is spiritually capable, and then proceeding to terrifying hallucinations that arise from the impulses of one's previous unskillful actions. For the prepared and appropriately trained individuals, the bardo offers a state of great opportunity for liberation, since transcendental insight may arise with the direct experience of reality; for others, it can become a place of danger as the karmically created hallucinations can impel one into a less than desirable rebirth.[citation needed]

Metaphorically, bardo can describe times when our usual way of life becomes suspended, as, for example, during a period of illness or during a meditation retreat. Such times can prove fruitful for spiritual progress because external constraints diminish. However, they can also present challenges because our less skillful impulses may come to the foreground, just as in the sidpa bardo.[citation needed]

The concept of antarabhāva, an intervening state between death and rebirth, was brought into Buddhism from the Vedic-Upanishadic philosophical tradition which later developed into Hinduism.[2][3]


바르도 퇴돌이란 티벳 불경이 전세계적으로 유명하다. 1927년 월터 에바스베트 (en:Walter Evans-Wentz) 에 의해 "Tibetan Book of the Dead"라는 타이틀로 영역되어 세계적인 베스트셀러가 되어, 일본에서도 일반적으로 《티베트 사자의 서》로서 알려져 있다.[1]

불교 명상[편집]

불교에서 명상은 사마타와 위빠사나의 둘로 이루어져 있다.

처음에 앉거나 눕거나 서서 또는 걸으면서 사마타 명상을 하여 고요함, 공, 적멸, 번뇌를 제거함에 빠진다. 그렇게 한동안 고요해지면 곧 꿈을 꾸게 되는데, 다른 말로 정신세계에 태어난다고 하고, 정신현상이 일어나기 시작한다고도 하고, 명상 중간계에 태어난다고도 하며, 간단히 중간계에 태어난다고도 한다. 그러면 사마타 명상을 멈추고 위빠사나 명상을 시작한다. 그래서 모든 불순한 것을 순수한 것으로 변신시키는 상상을 하여, 이 상상이 성취되면 금강삼매를 얻었다고 하며, 이를 부처가 되었다고 한다.

금강삼매란 세상의 모든 만물을 금강, 즉 다이아몬드로 변신시킨다고 해서 이름이 금강삼매이다. 유마경에서 모든 불국토를 청정하게 변신시켜, 금은보화로 장엄하는 대신통력이라고 나온다. 이 대신통력은 오직 부처님만이 얻으며, 반대로 이 대신통력을 얻으면 부처라고 열반경에서 설명한다. 티베트 사자의 서에서도 이 금강삼매를 자세하게 가르치고 있다.

사십구재[편집]

<nowiki />이 부분의 본문은 사십구재입니다.

불경에서 설한 바에 의하면 사람의 존재 상태를 4가지로 구분하는데, 그것은 ① 생유(生有) ② 사유(死有) ③ 본유(本有: 生에서 死까지 생애) ④ 중유(中有: 이생에 죽어서 다음 生까지를 말함)이다.[2]

이들 중 네 번째의 중유(中有)의 상태의 정상적인 기간이 49일이다.[2] 즉 사람이 죽은 뒤에는 일반적인 경우 49일이면 중유(中有)가 끝나고 다음 생(生)이 결정된다.[2] 그러므로 다음 생이 결정되기 전인 48일째에 정성을 다하여 영혼의 명복을 비는 것이 49일재이다.[2]

세가지 의미[편집]

중간계 라는 말은 적어도 3가지 의미로 쓰인다. 그래서 약간 혼동될 우려가 있다.[3]

  • 죽음에서 재탄생에 이르는 전 과정, 가장 일상적인 의미, 여섯 중간계 중에서 죽음 중간계, 저승 중간계, 탄생 중간계
  • 여섯 중간계, 전문적인 의미
  • 여섯 중간계 중에서 어떤 특정한 시기에 경험하게 되는 특정한 중간계 상태

여섯 중간계[편집]

티벳 사람들은 중간계를 다음과 여섯 가지로 분류한다.[4]

  • 이승 중간계: 탄생과 죽음 사이의 중간계
  • 꿈 중간계: 잠과 깨어 있음 사이의 중간계
  • 명상 중간계: 깨어 있음과 초월 사이의 중간계
  • 죽음 중간계: 죽음 직후의 중간계
  • 저승 중간계: 죽음과 재탄생 사이의 중간계
  • 탄생 중간계: 태어나기 직전과 태어나는 순간 사이의 중간계

더 보기[편집]

각주[편집]

  1. ↑ 카와사키 노부사다 역 「원전역 티베트 사자의 서」치기미 학예 문고
  2. ↑ 이동:가 나 다 라 종교·철학 > 한국의 종교 > 한국의 불교 > 한국불교의 의식 > 한국불교의 의식〔개설〕 > 49일재의 유래, 《글로벌 세계 대백과사전》
  3. ↑ 파드마 삼바바 저, 정찬영 역, 티벳 사자의 서, 시공사, 2000.10.30
  4. ↑ 파드마 삼바바 저, 류시화 역, 티벳사자의 서, 정신세계사, 1995.08.01
















바르도 퇴돌은 티베트 불교 닌마파의 경전이다.

파드마삼바바가 저술해 제자가 산중에 묻어 숨긴 것을 후대에 테르톤 업 림프액이 발굴한 매장교법(테르마) 《사프츄우 시트 곤파 란돌(적정·분노백존을 명상 하는 것에 의한 스스로의 해탈)(Tibetan: ཟབ་ཆོས་ཞི་ཁྲོ་དགོངས་པ་རང་གྲོལ)》에 포함되어 있는 《바르드 트 달러 첸모(중유에 대해 청문 하는 것에 의한 해탈)(Tibetan: བར་དོ་ཐོས་གྲོལ་ཆེན་མོ་)》라는 문구를 가리킨다.

제목[편집]

티벳 사람들은 흔히 이 책을 <중간계에서 듣고 이해함으로써 그 자리에서 해탈에 이르게 하는 위대한 책(Bardo thos grol chen mo)>이라고 부른다. 그리고 이 책은 <자애로운 모습과 무서운 모습의 붓다와 보살들에 대한 명상을 통해 그 자리에서 해탈에 이르게 하는 근본 가르침>이라는 방대한 문헌의 일부이다.[1]

번역[편집]

월터 에바스베트 (en:Walter Evans-Wentz) 에 의해 "Tibetan Book of the Dead"라는 타이틀로 영역되어 세계적인 베스트셀러가 되어, 일본에서도 일반적으로 《티베트 사자의 서》로서 알려져 있다.[2] 《사프츄우 시트 곤파 란돌》은 닌마파에서는 마하요가와 분류되는 무상 요가탄트라의 발생하는 대로의 수행 법 체계이지만, 이 《바르드 트에 달러 첸모》라고 불리는 부분은 임종에 임하여 라마에 의해서 《독경》으로서 읽혀지는 실용적인 경전이기도 하다.

이 외, 중유(中有, 바르도 (불교))의 프로세스를 해설한 게르크파의 논서 《쿠슴남샤》가 《게르크파판 사자의 서》로서 번역·출판되고 있다.[3]

더 보기[편집]

각주[편집]

  1. ↑ 파드마 삼바바 저, 정찬영 역, 티벳 사자의 서, 시공사, 2000.10.30
  2. ↑ 카와사키 노부사다 역 「원전역 티베트 사자의 서」치기미 학예 문고
  3. ↑ 히라오카 코우이치 역 「게르크파판 티베트 사자의 서」해설-학연 M문고. 18세기의 라마승 얀첸 가로가 무상요가 탄 호랑이의 「죽음」 「중유 (바르드, 바르두)」 「삶」에 관한 내용을 간략하게 정리한 저작이다.

외부 링크[편집]




The Bardo Thodol (Tibetan: བར་དོ་ཐོས་གྲོལ, Wylie: bar do thos grol, "Liberation Through Hearing During the Intermediate State"), commonly known in the West as The Tibetan Book of the Dead, is a text from a larger corpus of teachings, the Profound Dharma of Self-Liberation through the Intention of the Peaceful and Wrathful ones,[1][note 1] revealed by Karma Lingpa (1326–1386). It is the best-known work of Nyingma literature.[3]

The Tibetan text describes, and is intended to guide one through, the experiences that the consciousness has after death, in the bardo, the interval between death and the next rebirth. The text also includes chapters on the signs of death and rituals to undertake when death is closing in or has taken place.

Etymology[edit]

Bar do thos grol (Tibetan: བར་དོ་ཐོས་གྲོལ, Wylie: bar do thos grol) translates as:

  • bar do: "intermediate state", "transitional state", "in-between state", "liminal state" (which is synonymous with the Sanskrit antarabhāva). Valdez: "Used loosely, the term 'bardo' refers to the state of existence intermediate between two lives on earth."[4] Valdez: "[The] concept arose soon after the Buddha's passing, with a number of earlier Buddhist groups accepting the existence of such an intermediate state, while other schools rejected it."[4]
  • thos grol: "liberation", which is synonymous with the Sanskrit word bodhi, "awakening", "understanding", "enlightenment", and synonymous with the term nirvana, "blowing out", "extinction", "the extinction of illusion".[5]

Original text[edit]

Origins and dating[edit]

Centuries old Zhi-Khro mandala, a part of the Bardo Thodol's collection, a text known in the West as The Tibetan Book of the Dead, which comprises part of a group of bardo teachings held in the Nyingma (Tibetan tradition) originated with guru Padmasambhava in the 8th century.

According to Tibetan tradition, the Liberation Through Hearing During the Intermediate State was composed in the 8th century by Padmasambhava, written down by his primary student, Yeshe Tsogyal, buried in the Gampo hills in central Tibet and subsequently discovered by a Tibetan terton, Karma Lingpa, in the 14th century.[6][7][8]

bar do thos grol[edit]

The Tibetan title is bar do thos grol,[9] Liberation Through Hearing During the Intermediate State.[1] It consists of two comparatively long texts:[1]

  • "Great Liberation through Hearing: The Supplication of the Bardo of Dharmata" (chos nyid bar do'i gsol 'debs thos grol chen mo), the bardo of dharmata (including the bardo of dying);
  • "Great Liberation through Hearing: The Supplication Pointing Out the Bardo of Existence" (strid pa'i bar do ngo sprod gsol 'debs thos grol chen mo), the bardo of existence.

Within the texts themselves, the two combined are referred to as Liberation through Hearing in the Bardo, Great Liberation through Hearing, or just Liberation through Hearing.[note 2]

kar-gling zhi-khro[edit]

It is part of a larger terma cycle, Profound Dharma of Self-Liberation through the Intention of the Peaceful and Wrathful ones[1] (zab-chos zhi khro dgongs pa rang grol, also known as kar-gling zhi-khro),[2] popularly known as "Karma Lingpa's Peaceful and Wrathful ones."[1]

The Profound Dharma of Self-Liberation is known in several versions, containing varying numbers of sections and subsections, and arranged in different orders, ranging from around ten to thirty-eight titles.[1] The individual texts cover a wide range of subjects, including meditation instructions, visualizations of deities, liturgies and prayers, lists of mantras, descriptions of the signs of death, indications of future rebirth, and texts such as the bar do thos grol that are concerned with the bardo-state.[1]

Three bardos[edit]

Main article: Bardo

The Bardo Thodol differentiates the intermediate state between lives into three bardos:

  1. The chikhai bardo or "bardo of the moment of death", which features the experience of the "clear light of reality", or at least the nearest approximation of which one is spiritually capable;
  2. The chonyid bardo or "bardo of the experiencing of reality", which features the experience of visions of various Buddha forms, or the nearest approximations of which one is capable;
  3. The sidpa bardo or "bardo of rebirth", which features karmically impelled hallucinations which eventually result in rebirth, typically yab-yum imagery of men and women passionately entwined.

The Liberation Through Hearing During the Intermediate State also mentions three other bardos:[note 3]

  1. "Life", or ordinary waking consciousness;
  2. "Dhyana" (meditation);
  3. "Dream", the dream state during normal sleep.

Together these "six bardos" form a classification of states of consciousness into six broad types. Any state of consciousness can form a type of "intermediate state", intermediate between other states of consciousness. Indeed, one can consider any momentary state of consciousness a bardo, since it lies between our past and future existences; it provides us with the opportunity to experience reality, which is always present but obscured by the projections and confusions that are due to our previous unskillful actions.

English translations[edit]

Evans-Wentz's The Tibetan Book of the Dead[edit]

Tibetan Thanka of Bardo. Vision of Serene Deities, 19th century, Giumet Museum

The bar do thos grol is known in the west as The Tibetan Book of the Dead, a title popularized by Walter Evans-Wentz's edition,[9][10] but as such virtually unknown in Tibet.[11][1] The Tibetan Book of the Dead was first published in 1927 by Oxford University Press. Dr. Walter Y. Evans-Wentz chose this title because of the parallels he found with the Egyptian Book of the Dead.[12]

According to John Myrdhin Reynolds, Evans-Wentz's edition of the Tibetan Book of the Dead introduced a number of misunderstandings about Dzogchen.[13] In fact, Evans-Wentz collected seven texts about visualization of the after-death experiences and he introduced this work collection as "The Tibetan Book of Death." Evans-Wentz was well acquainted with Theosophy and used this framework to interpret the translation of The Tibetan Book of the Dead, which was largely provided by two Tibetan lamas who spoke English, Lama Sumdhon Paul and Lama Lobzang Mingnur Dorje.[14] Evans-Wentz was not familiar with Tibetan Buddhism,[13] and his view of Tibetan Buddhism was "fundamentally neither Tibetan nor Buddhist, but Theosophical and Vedantist."[15] He introduced a terminology into the translation which was largely derived from Hinduism, as well as from his Theosophical beliefs.[13] Contrary to the general belief spread in the West by Evans-Wentz, in Tibetan Buddhist practice the Tibetan Book of Dead is not read to the people who are passing away, but it is rather used during life by those who want to learn to visualize what will come after death.[16]

C. G. Jung’s psychological commentary first appeared in an English translation by R. F. C. Hull in the third revised and expanded Evans-Wentz edition of The Tibetan Book of the Dead.[17] The commentary also appears in the Collected Works.[18] Jung applied his extensive knowledge of eastern religion to craft a commentary specifically aimed at a western audience unfamiliar with eastern religious tradition in general and Tibetan Buddhism specifically.[19] He does not attempt to directly correlate the content of the Bardo Thodol with rituals or dogma found in occidental religion, but rather highlights karmic phenomena described on the Bardo plane and shows how they parallel unconscious contents (both personal and collective) encountered in the west, particularly in the context of analytical psychology. Jung’s comments should be taken strictly within the realm of psychology, and not that of theology or metaphysics. Indeed, he warns repeatedly of the dangers for western man in the wholesale adoption of eastern religious traditions such as yoga.[20]

Other translations and summaries[edit]

Popular influence[edit]

The Psychedelic Experience[edit]

See also: Ego death

The Psychedelic Experience, published in 1964, is a guide for LSD trips, written by Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner and Richard Alpert, loosely based on Evan-Wentz's translation of the Tibetan Book of the Dead.[21][22] Aldous Huxley introduced the Tibetan Book of the Dead to Timothy Leary.[22] According to Leary, Metzner and Alpert, the Tibetan Book of the Dead is

... a key to the innermost recesses of the human mind, and a guide for initiates, and for those who are seeking the spiritual path of liberation.[23]

They construed the effect of LSD as a "stripping away" of ego-defenses, finding parallels between the stages of death and rebirth in the Tibetan Book of the Dead, and the stages of psychological "death" and "rebirth" which Leary had identified during his research.[24] According to Leary, Metzner and Alpert it is:

... one of the oldest and most universal practices for the initiate to go through the experience of death before he can be spiritually reborn. Symbolically he must die to his past, and to his old ego, before he can take his place in the new spiritual life into which he has been initiated.[25]

Musical, cinematic, and literary works[edit]

  • French composer Pierre Henry based his pioneering 1963 electroacoustic ballet work Le Voyage on the narrative of the text. A recording of the work was released by Philips in 1967.[26]
  • Finnish composer Erik Bergman composed a work titled Bardo Thödol in 1974 for a speaker, mezzo-soprano, baritone, mixed choir and orchestra; the text was based on a German translation of the Book of the Dead[27]
  • "When I Was Done Dying", by American musician and composer Dan Deacon, is strongly inspired by the Bardo Thodol. The narrator's "story" begins at the very moment of his death, through multiple incarnations (a plant, a crab and, at the end, a human). The song. featured in an [adult swim] Off Air segment.
  • The late 1960s band The Third Bardo took their name from the western title of this text.
  • French composer Éliane Radigue created her monumental three-hour work of electronic music, Trilogie de la Mort, between 1985 and 1993. Her Tibetan Buddhist meditation practice and practice, including engagement with the Bardo Thodol after the deaths of her son and her meditation teacher, are central to this piece, in particular the first section entitled "Kyema (Intermediate States)".
  • 1985 2-part documentary filmed in Ladakh and the States, first part entitled "The Tibetan Book of the Dead: A Way of Life"; the second part "The Tibetan Book of the Dead: The Great Liberation" was a co-production between NHK (Japan), Mistral (France) and FBC (Canada). Narration in the English version is by Leonard Cohen. See links below.
  • Screenwriter and film producer Bruce Joel Rubin, who once lived in a Tibetan Buddhist monastery, considered his film Jacob's Ladder a modern interpretation of the Bardo Thodol.[28][29]
  • In 2007, The History Channel released a documentary film, Tibetan Book of the Dead.[web 1][note 4]
  • Country musician Sturgill Simpson's song "Just Let Go" from his 2014 album Metamodern Sounds in Country Music is about ego death and the transition between living and dying, and being reborn.[clarification needed]
  • In 1994, the Modern Rock band Live had a second album, Throwing Copper. on which, track 9, a song titled "T.B.D." (4:28) stands for Tibetan Book of the Dead.[web 2]
  • In 1996, Delerium Records released the Liberation Thru' Hearing CD which contains spoken/chanted readings from the Bardo Thodol set to music.[web 3]
  • Enter the Void, a 2009 French film written and directed by Gaspar Noé, is loosely based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead.[web 4]
  • The Beatles song Tomorrow Never Knows contains lyrics inspired by The Tibetan Book of the Dead.[30]
  • Electronic group Demdike Stare released an album in 2010, Liberation Through Hearing, featuring a track titled "Bardo Thodol".
  • Alternative rock group Live has a song called "T.B.D." on their 1994 album Throwing Copper, which the singer Ed Kowalczyk explained on the "The Public Affection" bootleg, stands for "Tibetan Book of the Dead". The songs' lyrics also refer to a state "when the brain is dead".
  • The 1969 novel Ubik by Philip K. Dick is inspired by The Tibetan Book of the Dead and features a direct quote from it by one of the characters.[31][32]
  • Flying Lotus's 2014 concept album, You're Dead!, centers around ideas from the "Tibetan Book of the Dead"[33]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ zab-chos zhi khro dgongs pa rang grol, also known as kar-gling zhi-khro[2]
  2. ^ In Tibetan, bar do thos grol, thos grol chen mo, and thos grol
  3. ^ See also Trikaya, Kosha and Three Bodies Doctrine (Vedanta)
  4. ^ "The Tibetan book of the Dead is an important document that has stood the test of time and attempts to provide answers to one of mankind's greatest questions: What happens when we die? Interviews with Tibetan Lamas, American scholars, and practicing Buddhists bring this powerful and mysterious text to life. State-of-the-art computer generated graphics will recreabinte this mysterious and exotic world. Follow the dramatized journey of a soul from death...to re-birth. In Tibet, the "art of dying" is nothing less than the art of living."[web 1]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h Fremantle 2001, p. 20.
  2. ^ Jump up to:a b Norbu 1989, p. ix.
  3. ^ Coleman 2005.
  4. ^ Jump up to:a b Valdez 2014, p. 166, note 122.
  5. ^ Fremantle 2001, p. 21.
  6. ^ Evans-Wentz 1960, p. liv.
  7. ^ Fremantle, Fremantle & Trungpa 2003, p. xi.
  8. ^ Forbes & Henley 2013.
  9. ^ Jump up to:a b Norbu 1989, p. xii.
  10. ^ Reynolds 1989, p. 71-115.
  11. ^ Lopez 2011, p. 127.
  12. ^ Evans-Wentz 1960.
  13. ^ Jump up to:a b c Reynolds 1989, p. 71.
  14. ^ Reynolds 1989, p. 72–73, 78.
  15. ^ Reynolds 1989, p. 78.
  16. ^ Paul van der Velde
  17. ^ Evans-Wentz ed. 1965.
  18. ^ Jung 1977.
  19. ^ Coward 1985.
  20. ^ Coward 1985, p. 79-92.
  21. ^ Merkur 2014, p. 221.
  22. ^ Jump up to:a b Gould 2007, p. 218.
  23. ^ Leary, Metzner & Alpert 1964, p. 11.
  24. ^ Gould 2007, p. 218-219.
  25. ^ Leary, Metzner & Albert 1964, p. 12.
  26. ^ "The life of Pierre Henry in 5 works". France Musique. Radio France. 20 August 2019. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  27. ^ "Information on Bardo Thödol in Finnish". Archived from the original on 2016-01-07. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
  28. ^ Hartl, John (1990-11-01). "Adrian Lyne Met A Metaphysical Challenge". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2010-02-06.
  29. ^ Golden, Tim (1990-10-28). "FILM; Up 'Jacob's Ladder' And Into the Hell Of a Veteran's Psyche". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
  30. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXdbvBzxeb8
  31. ^ https://coreysbook.wordpress.com/2011/09/09/no-obits-with-ubik-ubik-by-philip-k-dick-book-review/
  32. ^ https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/sci-fi-fantasy/philip-k-dick-primer-ranked-order-difficulty/
  33. ^ https://www.npr.org/2014/10/12/354599863/music-from-deaths-doorstep-a-conversation-with-flying-lotus

Sources[edit]

Printed sources[edit]

  • Coleman, Graham (2005), "Editor's introduction", in Coleman, Graham (ed.), The Tibetan Book of the Dead: First Complete Translation, Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0143104940
  • Conners, Peter (2013), White Hand Society: The Psychedelic Partnership of Timothy Leary & Allen Ginsberg, City Lights Books
  • Coward, Howard (1985), Jung and Eastern Thought, Albany: State University of New York Press
  • Cuevas, Bryan J. The Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Evans-Wentz, W. Y., ed. (1960) [1927], The Tibetan Book of the Dead (PDF) (1957 1st (ebook translation) ed.), Oxford University Press
  • Evans-Wentz, W. Y., ed. (1965) [1927], The Tibetan Book of the Dead, London: Oxford University Press
  • Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David, eds. (2013), The Illustrated Tibetan Book of the Dead, Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books
  • Fremantle, Francesca; Trungpa, Chögyam, eds. (1975), The Tibetan Book of the Dead: The Great Liberation through Hearing in the Bardo by Guru Rinpoche according to Karma Lingpa, Boulder: Shambhala, ISBN 1-59030-059-9
  • Fremantle, Francesca (2001), Luminous Emptiness: understanding the Tibetan Book of the dead, Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications, ISBN 1-57062-450-X
  • Gould, Jonathan (2007), Can't Buy Me Love: The Beatles, Britain, and America, Crown Publishing Group
  • Jung, C. G. (1977) [1958], Psychology and Religion: West and East. The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. 11, Bollingen Series XX, Princeton: Princeton University Press
  • Leary, Timothy; Metzner, Ralph; Alpert, Richard (1964), THE PSYCHEDELIC EXPERIENCE. A manual based on THE TIBETAN BOOK OF THE DEAD (PDF)
  • Lee, Martin A.; Shlain, Bruce (1992), Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD : the CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond, Grove Press
  • Lopez, Donald S., Jr. (2011), The Tibetan book of the dead : a biography, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691134352
  • Merkur, Daniel (2014), The Formation of Hippie Spirituality: 1. Union with God. In: J. Harold Ellens (ed.), "Seeking the Sacred with Psychoactive Substances: Chemical Paths to Spirituality and to God", ABC-CLIO
  • Miles, barry (1998), Many Years From Now, Vintage
  • Norbu, Namkhai (1989), "Foreword", in Reynolds, John Myrdin (ed.), Self-liberation through seeing with naked awareness, Station Hill Press, Inc.
  • Reynolds, John Myrdin (1989), "Appendix I: The views on Dzogchen of W.Y. Evans-Wentz and C.G. Jung", in Reynolds, John Myrdin (ed.), Self-liberation through seeing with naked awareness, Station Hill Press, Inc.
  • Valdez, Juan (2014), The Snow Cone Diaries: A Philosopher's Guide to the Information Age, AuthorHouse

Web-sources[edit]

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b The History Channel: Tibetan Book of the Dead Archived October 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ friendsoflive.com
  3. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-04-03. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
  4. ^ Stephenson, Hunter (2010-09-14). "Gaspar Noé's Big Trip". Interview. Archived from the original on 16 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-15.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]


'카테고리 없음'의 다른글

  • 현재글바르도bardo, antarabhāva

티스토리툴바