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반주삼매경Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra, Pratyutpannabuddha Saṃmukhāvasthita Samādhi Sūtra,

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Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra (Sanskrit; traditional Chinese: 般舟三昧經; ; pinyin: Bānzhōu Sānmèi Jīng) is an early Mahayana Buddhist scripture, which probably originated around the 1st century BCE in the Gandhara area of northwestern India. The full title for this text is Pratyutpannabuddha Saṃmukhāvasthita Samādhi Sūtra, which translates to, "Sutra of the samadhi of being in the presence of all Buddhas."

History[edit]

The Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra was first translated into Chinese by the Kushan Buddhist monk Lokaksema in 179 CE, at the Han capital of Luoyang.[1] This translation is, together with the Prajnaparamita Sutra, one of the earliest historically datable texts of theMahayana tradition.

Contents[edit]

The Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra contains the first known mentions of the Buddha Amitābha and his pure land, said to be at the origin of Pure Land Buddhism in China:[2]

Bodhisattvas hear about the Buddha Amitābha and call him to mind again and again in this land. Because of this calling to mind, they see the Buddha Amitābha. Having seen him they ask him what dharmas it takes to be born in the realm of the Buddha Amitābha. Then the Buddha Amitābha says to these bodhisattvas: "If you wish to come and be born in my realm, you must always call me to mind again and again, you must always keep this thought in mind without letting up, and thus you will succeed in coming to be born in my realm.

Pratyutpanna samadhi[edit]

The full practice developed by Zhiyi is 90 days long.[3] Lay practitioners often take a much shorter time. Any practice that exceeds one day requires a bystander called a dharma protector (護法) to look after the practitioner. The exercise includes constant walking or praying to Amitabha, sometimes accompanying or helped by the bystander. The practitioner should avoid sitting, laying, resting or sleeping during the period of practice. The bystander would warn the practitioner if he or she engages in prolonged resting. Very few Buddhists practice this. Yinkuang (印光) suggested that people should practice the much easier recitation of name of the Buddha nianfo instead.[4] But some buddhists have said that they feel healthier after the practice.[5][6][7][8][9]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. Jump up^ Shinko Mochizuki, Leo M. Pruden,Trans.; Pure Land Buddhism in China: A Doctrinal History, Chapter 2: The Earliest Period; Chapter 3: Hui-yuan of Mt.Lu; and Chapter 4: The Translation of Texts-Spurious Scriptures. In: Pacific World Journal, Third Series Number 3, Fall 2001, p. 241PDF
  2. Jump up^ Harrison, Paul. McRae, John. The Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra and the Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra. 1998. pp. 2-3, 19
  3. Jump up^ 念佛方法
  4. Jump up^ 般舟三昧非今人可行[dead link]
  5. Jump up^ 般舟法门
  6. Jump up^ 常慧法師閉關念佛感應錄
  7. Jump up^ 拜佛對健康的好處
  8. Jump up^ 拜佛要訣
  9. Jump up^ 般舟三昧及现代行法系列资料--向往、爱乐般舟行法的同修，一起来学习、实践和守护这个法门

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]




Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lokaksema
Lokaksema.jpg
Lokaksema (Chinese: 支谶; pinyin: Zhī Chèn).
Born147 CE
Diedunknown
OccupationBuddhist monk, scholar andtranslator
ReligionBuddhism

Lokakṣema (Chinese: 支婁迦讖; pinyin: Zhī Lóujiāchèn, sometimes abbreviated Zhīchèn Chinese: 支讖), born around 147 CE, was the earliest known Buddhist monk to have translated Mahayana sutras into Chinese, and as such, is an important figure in Chinese Buddhism. The name Lokakṣema means "welfare of the world" in Sanskrit.

Origins[edit]

Lokaksema was a Kushan of Yuezhi ethnicity from Gandhara. (See Greco-Buddhism.) His ethnicity is described in his adopted Chinese name by the prefix Zhi (Chinese: 支), an abbreviation of Yuezhi (Chinese: 月支). As a Kushan Yuezhi, his native tongue might have been the official Kushan language, Bactrian, one of the Tocharian languages, or even Persian or Greek. All of these are Indo-European languages and were spoken by the peoples of the Kushan Empire during his era.

Lokaksema was born in Gandhara, a center of Greco-Buddhist art, at a time when Buddhism was actively sponsored by the king, Kanishka the Great, who convened the Fourth Buddhist council. The proceedings of this council actually oversaw the formal split of Nikaya and Mahayana Buddhism. It would seem that Kanishka was not ill-disposed towards Mahayana Buddhism, opening the way for missionary activities in China by monks such as Lokakṣema.

Lokaksema came from Gandhara to the court of the Han dynasty at the capital, Luoyang, as early as 150 CE and worked there between 178-189 CE. A prolific scholar monk, many early translations of important Mahāyāna texts in China are attributed to him, including the very early prajñāpāramitā sutra ཤེས་རབ་ཀྱི་ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པའི་མདོ།༼བརྒྱད་སྟོང་པ༽known as the "Practice of the Path" (Chinese: 道行般若經), the Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra (Chinese:般舟三昧經)(འཕགས་པ་ད་ལྟར་གྱི་སངས་རྒྱས་མངོན་སུམ་དུ་བཞུགས་པའི་ཏིང་ངེ་འཛིན་ཅེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།), the Ajātaśatru Kaukṛtya Vinodana Sūtra (Chinese: 阿闍世王經,(འཕགས་པ་མ་སྐྱེས་དགྲའི་འགྱོད་པ་བསལ་བ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།) Taisho XV 627 iii 424a22-425a25), Zá pìyù jīng (Chinese:雜譬喩經), Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra (Chinese: 首楞嚴經)(འཕགས་པ་དཔའ་བར་འགྲོ་བའི་ཏིང་ངེ་འཛིན་ཅེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ) Infinite Life Sutra (Chinese: 無量淸淨平等覺經), and the Mahāratnakuta Sutra (Chinese: 寶積經)(དཀོན་མཆོག་བརྩེགས་པའི་མདོ།).[1][2][3][4][5]He also translated an early version of a sutra connected to the Avatamsaka Sutraཕལ་པོ་ཆེའི་མདོ།, the Drumakinnararajapariprccha'(འཕགས་པ་མི་འམ་ཅིའི་རྒྱལ་པོ་སྡོང་པོས་ཞུས་པ་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།)', the Bhadrapala Sutra(བཟང་སྐྱོང་གི་མདོ།) and the Kasyapaparivarta'འཕགས་པ་དཀོན་མཆོག་བརྩེགས་པ་ཆེན་པོ་ཆོས་ཀྱི་རྣམ་གྲངས་ལེའུ་སྟོང་ཕྲག་བརྒྱ་པ་ལས་འོད་སྲུངས་ཀྱི་ལེའུ་རྒྱ་ཆེར་འགྲེལ་པ',[6] which were probably composed in the north of India in the first century.[7][8]

Activity in China[edit]

Lokaksema's work includes the translation of the Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra, containing the first known mentions of Amitābha and his pure land, said to be at the origin of Pure Land Buddhism in China. He also translated the Akṣobhyavyūha Sūtra (Taishō Tripiṭaka, 313), an even earlier Pure Land Buddhist sutra about Abhirati, the pure land of Akshobhya.[9]

He also provided the first known translations of the prajñāpāramitās (The Astasahasrika-prajnaparamita sutras, or "Perfection of Wisdom Sutras of the practice of the Way", which later became known as the "Perfection of Wisdom in 8000 lines"), a foundational text of Mahayana Buddhism.

Lokaksema's translation activities, as well as those of the Parthians An Shigao and An Xuan slightly earlier, or his fellow Yuezhi Dharmarakṣa (around 286 CE) illustrate the key role Central Asians had in propagating Buddhism to the countries of East Asia.

One of Lokaksema's students, another Yuezhi monk named Zhi Yao (Chinese: 支曜), translated Mahayana texts from Central Asia around 185 CE, such as the "Sutra on the Completion of Brightness" (Chinese: 成具光明經).

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. Jump up^ Japanese-English Buddhist Dictionary (Daitō shuppansha) p. 287b/319
  2. Jump up^ Fo Guang Shan Dictionary, p. 1416
  3. Jump up^ Buddhist Chinese-Sanskrit Dictionary (Hirakawa), p. 569
  4. Jump up^ Index to the Bussho kaisetsu daijiten (Ono), p. 341
  5. Jump up^ Bukkyō daijiten (Mochizuki)(v.1-6), p. 2858a
  6. Jump up^ A History of Indian Buddhism - Hirakawa Akira (translated and edited by Paul Groner) - Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi, 1993, p. 248-251
  7. Jump up^ "The sudden appearance of large numbers of (Mahayana) teachers and texts (in North India in the second century AD) would seem to require some previous preparation and development, and this we can look for in the South." A. K. Warder, Indian Buddhism, 3rd edition, 1999 p. 335.
  8. Jump up^ A History of Indian Buddhism - Hirakawa Akira (translated and edited by Paul Groner) - Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi, 1993, p. 252, 253
  9. Jump up^ Nattier 2000, p. 76.

Bibliography[edit]

Further reading[edit]




the Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra (Chinese:般舟三昧經)(འཕགས་པ་ད་ལྟར་གྱི་སངས་རྒྱས་མངོན་སུམ་དུ་བཞུགས་པའི་ཏིང་ངེ་འཛིན་ཅེས་བྱ་བ་ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་མདོ།)

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