McCune-Reischauer맥킨-라이샤우어. 맥킨 라이샤우어. 한글 영어표기법 McCune–Reischauer romanization
http://www.laotouzi.de/kor/
McCune-Reischauer
VIII. Bibliography
I. CANONIC COLLECTIONS
Bkaḥ-ḥgyur (Tibetan Buddhist Canon). Snar-thaṅ edition. East Asiatic Library, University of California, Berkeley:
Bkaḥ-ḥgyur and Bstan-ḥgyur (Tibetan Buddhist Canon). Sde-dge edition. East Asiatic Library, University of California, Berkeley:
Bstan-ḥgyur (Tibetan Buddhist Canon). Cone edition. Stony Brook, N.Y.: Institute for Advanced Studies of World Religions, (Microfiche)
Dainihon kōtei daizōkyō (大日本校訂縮刷大藏經). Kyoto: Zōkyo shoin, 1902-05.
Dainihon kōtei shukusatsu daizōkyō (大日本校訂縮刷大藏經). Tokyo: Kokyo shoin, 1880-85.
Dainihon zokuzōkyō (大日本續藏經). Kyoto: Zokyo shoin, 1905-12.
Han'gŭl taejanggyŏng (한글대장경). Seoul: Dongguk University, 1965.
Koryŏ taejanggyŏng (高麗大藏經). East Asiatic Library, University of California, Berkeley:
Koryŏ taejanggyŏng (高麗大藏經). Seoul: Dongguk University, 1957-76.
Taishō shinshu daizōkyō (大正新修大藏經). Junjirō Takakusu and Kaikyoku Watanabe, ed. Tokyo: Daizō shuppan kabushiki kaisha, 1924-34.
II. CANONIC MATERIALS
Chih-p'an 志磐. Fo-tsu t'ung-chi (佛祖統紀).
Chih-sheng 智昇. Hsü ku chin i ching t'u chi (續古今譯經圖紀).
----. K'ai yüan shih chiao lu (開元釋經緑).
----. K'ai yüan shih chiao lu lüeh ch'u (開元釋經緑略出).
Ching-mai 靖邁. Ku chin i ching t'u chi (古今譯經圖紀).
Ching-t'ai 靜泰. Chung ching mu lu (衆經目緑).
Fa-ching 法經. Chung ching mu lu (衆經目緑).
Fei, Ch'ang-fang 費長房. Li tai sanpao chi (歴代三實紀).
Heng-an 恒安. Hsü chen yüan shih chiao lu (續 貞元釋教緑).
Hui-chiao 慧皎. Kao seng chuan (高僧傳).
Iryŏn 一然. Samguk yusa (三國遺事).
Ju-hsing 如惺. Ta ming kao seng chuan (大明高僧傳).
Kakhun 覺訓. Haedong kosŭng chŏn (海東高僧傳).
Ming-ch'üan 明佺. Ta chou k'an ting chung ching mu lu (大周刊定衆經目緑).
Seng-yu 僧祐. Ch'u san tsang chi chi (出三藏記集 ).
Shih-shih Tsu-hsiu 右室祖琇. Lung hsing fo chiao pien nien t'ung lun (隆興佛教編年通論)Fo chiao pien nien t'ung lun (佛教編年通論 ).
Sugi 守其. Koryŏguk sinjo taejang kyojŏng pyŏllok (高麗國新雕 大藏校正別緑)
----. Taejang mongnok (大藏目録). Shōwa hōbō sōmokuroku. vol. 2 (22), Tokyo: Daizō shuppan kabushikikaisha, 1929.
Tao-hsüan 道宣. Hsü kao seng chuan (續高僧傳).
----. Hsü ta tang nei tien lu (續大唐内典緑 )..
----. Ta t'ang nei tien lu (大唐内典緑 ).
Tsan-ning 賛寧. Sung kao seng chuan (宋高僧傳 ).
Ŭich'ŏn 義天. Sinp'yŏn chejong kyojang ch'ongnok (新編諸宗教 藏總緑).
Yen-tsung 彥悰. Chung ching mu lu (衆經目録 ).
Yuan-chao 圓照. Chen yüan hsin ting shih chiao mu lu (貞元新定釋教 目録).
----. Ta fang chen yüan hsü k'ai yüan shih chiao mu lu (大唐貞元續開元釋教目録 ).
III. REFERENCE WORKS
Akanuma, Chizen 赤沼智善. Comparative Catahgue of Chinese Āgamas and Pāli Nikāyas (漢巴四部四阿含互照緑). Nagoya: Hajinkaku shobō, 1929.
Bibliographic Bouddhique. Paris: Ubrarie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1930-67.
Chang, Sam-sik 張三植. Tae han-han sajŏn (大漢韓 辭典). Seoul: Sŏngmunsa, 1965.
Chao, An-jen 趙安仁 and Yang, I 楊億 . Ta chung hsiang fu fa pao lu (大中祥符法寶録) part extant in Sung tsang i chen (宋藏遺珍). vol. 108-111, Peking: San-shih hsüeh-hui, 1935.
Chattopadhyaya, Alaka. "Texts (Indian Titles) in Tanjur." Catalogue of Kanjur and Tanjur. vol. 1, Calcutta: Indo-Tibetan Studies, 1972.
Chibetto Daizōkyō Kanjuru Kandō Mokuroku. (A Comparative Analytical Catalogue of the Kanjur Division of the Tibetan Tripiṭaka) Kyoto: Ōtani University Library, 1930-32.
Chibetto Daizōkyō Tanjuro Kandō Mokuroku. (A Comparative Analytical Catalogue of the Tanjur Division of the Tibetan Tripiṭaka)) vol. 1,1, Tokyo: Suzuki Research Foundation, 1965.
Chih-hsü 智旭. Yüeh tsang chih chin (閲藏知津 ). Shōwa hōbō sōmokuroku. vol. 3 (74), Tokyo: Daizō shuppan kabushikikaisha, 1934.
Chi-hsiang 慶吉祥. Chih yüan fa pao k'an t'ung mu lu. Shōwa hōbō sōmokuroku. vol. 3(25),
Ch'oe, Nam-son 崔南善. "Samguk yusa haeje." ( (三國遺事解題)) Sinjŏng samguk yusa (新訂 三國遺事). Seoul: Minjung sŏkwan, 1954.
Chong, In-ji 鄭麟趾. Koryŏsa (高麗史) Seoul: Tongbanghak yŏnguso, 1955-61.
Chōsen jinmei jisho (朝鮮人名辞書). Seoul: Chōsen sōtokufu chūsūin, 1937.
Chōsen jinmei jisho sakuin (朝鮮人名辞書索引). Seoul: Chōsen sōtokufu chūsūin, 1939.
Chōsen sōtokufu kotosho mokuroku (朝鮮総督府古圖書目録 ). Seoul: Chōsen sōtokufu, 1921.
Chōsen tosho kaidai (朝鮮圖書解題). Seoul: Chōsen sōtokufu, 1932.
Conze, Edward. "Bibliography of Buddhist Scriptures." 1974.
----. The Prajñāpāramitā Literature. 's-Gravenhage: Mouton & Co., 1960.
Courant, Maurice. Bibliographie Coreenne Paris. Publications de 1'Ecole des Langues Orientales Vivantes in Série, 1899.
Edgerton, Franklin. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953.
Fang, Chao-ying. The Asami Library: A Descriptive Catalogue. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.
Feer, M. Leon. "Analyse du Kandjour et du Tandjour." Annales du Musée Guimet. (1881). pages 131-577.
Fujishima, Tatsuro 藤島達郎 and Nogami, Shunjo 野上俊靜. Tōhō nenpyō (東方年表). Kyoto: Hei-rakuji shoten, 1955.
Giles, Herbert A. A Chinese Biographical Dictionary. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, 1898.
----. A Chinese English Dictionary. Taipei: Ch'eng-wen Publishing Company, 1967.
Haarh, E. "A Comparative List of the Derge and Lhasa Editions of the Kanjur." Asia Major. vol. n.s. 9.2, 1963. pages 179-205.
Hanayama, Shinsho. Bibliography on Buddhism. Tokyo: Hokuseido Press, 1961.
Han'gul taejanggyŏng kanhaeng mongnok (한굴대장경刊行目録 ). Seoul: Dongguk yŏkkyŏngwŏn, 1964.
Han'guk kosŏ chonghap mongnok (韓國古書綜合目録). Seoul: Taehanmin'guk kukhoe tosŏkwan, 1968.
Han'guk kosŭng chip (韓國高僧集). Seoul: Pulgyohak yŏn'guhoe, 1974.
Han'guk toso haeje (韓國圖書解題). Seoul: Koryŏ taehakkyo minjok munhwa yŏnguso, 1971.
Hirakawa, Akira 平河彰. Index to the Abhidharmakośabhāṣya. Tokyo: Daizō shuppan kabushikikaisha, 1973.
Hōbōgirin: Dictionnaire Encyclopédique du Bouddhisme d'apres les sources chinoises et japonaises. Tokyo: Maison Franco-Japonaise, 1929-31.
Hsüan-i 玄逸. Ta t'ang ka'i yüan shih chiao kuang p'in li chang (大唐開元釋教廣品歴章). Sung tsang i chen (宋藏遺珍). vol. 101-107, Peking: 1935.
Hsüeh, Chung-san 薛仲三 and Ouyang, Yi 歐陽頤. A Sino-Westem Calendar for Two Thousand Years 1-2000 A.D. Changsha: Commercial Press Ltd., 1940.
Indo shoronshi chosaku mokuroku (印度諸論師著作目録).
Japanese-English Buddhist Dictionary. Tokyo: Daitō shuppansha, 1965.
Kim, Chong-sŏ 金宗瑞. Koryŏsa chŏryo (高麗史節要) Seoul: Kojŏn kanhaenghoe, 1960.
Kim, Tong-hwa 金東華. Han'guk yŏkdae kosŭng chŏn (韓國歴代高僧傳 ). Samsŭng munhwa mungo (三省文化文庫). vol. 38, Seoul: Samsŭng munhwa chaedan ch'ulp'anbu, 1973.
Koryŏsa saegin (高麗史索引). Seoul: Tongbanghak yŏn'guso, 1961.
Ku'gye 九階. Tongsa yŏlchŏn (東師列傳). Han'guk pulgyo ch'ongsŏ (韓國佛教叢書 ). vol. 1:51-396, Seoul: Poryŏn-gak, 1972.
Lee, Peter H, ed. Lives of Eminent Korean Monks. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969. Harvard-Yenching Institute Studies.
Levi, Sylvain and Takakusu, Junjirō. Tables du Taisho Issaikyo. Fascicule Annexe, Hōbōgirin Tokyo: Maison Franco-Japonaise, 1931.
Lü, I-chien 呂夷簡. Ching yu hsin hsiu fa pao lu (景祐新修法寳録 ). Sung tsang i chen (宋藏遺珍). vol. 113-16, Peking: San-shih hsüeh-hui, 1935.
Maema Kyōsaku 前間恭作. Kosen sappu (古鮮冊譜). Tōyō bunko sōkan. vol. 11, Tokyo: 1944-57.
Matthews, R. H. Chinese-English Dictionary. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969.
McCune, G. M. and Reischauer, E.O. "Romanization of the Korean Language Based upon Its Phonetic Structures." Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. vol. 29, 1939.
Mibu, T. "A Comparative List of the Bkaḥ-ḥgyur Division in the Co-ne, Peking, Sde-dge and Snar-thaṅ Edition." Taisho Daigaku Kenkyū Kiyō (大正大學研究紀要). vol. 44, (March 1959). pages 1-69.
----. "A Comparative List of the Tibetan Tripiṭaka of Narthang Edition (Bstan-gyur Division) with the Sde-dge Edition." 1967.
Mizuno, Kōgen 水野弟元. Shin butten kaidai jiten (新佛典解題事典). Tokyo: Shunjūsha, 1966.
Mochizuki, Shinkō 望月信亨. Bukkyō dajiten (佛教大辭典). Tokyo: 1960-63.
Morohashi, Tetsuji 諸橋轍次. Daikanwajiten (大漢和辭典 ). Tokyo: 1955-60.
Moule, A.C. The Rulers of China 221 B.C.-A.D. 1949. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1957.
Nanjio, Bunyiu 南條文雄. A Catalogue of the Chinese Translation of the Buddhist Tripitaka (A Translation of the Ta ming san tsang sheng chiao mu lu) (大明三藏聖教目録). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1883.
Ono, Gemmyō 小野玄妙. Bussho kaisetsu daijiten (佛書解説大辭典 ). Tokyo: Daitō shuppansha, 1931-36.
Park, Sung-bong 朴性鳳. Han'guksa yondae p'yŏllam (韓國史年代便覧 ). Han'guk yŏn'gu charyo ch'onggan. vol. 1, Seoul: Kyŏnghi taehakkyo han'guk chŏnt'ong munhwa yŏn'guso, 1975.
----. Munhwasa yŏnp'yo (文化史年表). Han'guk munhwasa taegye (韓國文化史大系). vol. 7, Seoul: Koryŏ taehakkyo minjok munhwa yŏn'guso, 1972.
Potter, Karl. Bibliography of Indian Philosophies. vol. 1, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas, 1970.
Rosenberg, O. Introduction to the Study of Buddhism According to Material Preserved in Japan and China. Part I. Vocabulary. Tokyo: The Faculty of Oriental Languages of the Imperial University of Petrograd, 1916.
Takakusu, Junjiro 高楠順次朗. Shōwa hōbō sōmokuroku (昭和法寶總目録 ). Tokyo: Daizō shuppan kabushikikaiaha, 1929.
Soothill, W.E. and Hodous, Lewis. A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1937.
Sung-tsang i chen (宋藏遺珍). Peking: San-shih hsueh-hui, 1935.
Suzuki, D.T. 鈴木大拙. Eiin Pekin-ban chibetto daizōkyō sōmokuroku sakuin (影印北京版西藏大藏經總目録索引). Catalogue and Index of the Tibetan Tripitaka, Peking Edition. Tokyo-Kyoto: Tibetan Tripitaka Research Institute, 1961.
Takakusu, Junjirō, ed. Ta ming san tsang aheng chiaoo mu lu (大明三藏聖教目録). Shōwa hōbō sōmokuroku. 1929.
----, ed. Taishō shinshu daizōkyō choyaku mokuroku (大正新修大藏經著譯目録). Shōwa hōbō sōmokuroku. 1929.
----, ed. Taishō shinshu daizōkyō ichiran (大正新修大藏經一覧). Shōwa hōbō sōmokuroku. 1929.
----, ed. Taishō shinshu daizōkyō kando mokuroku (大正新修大藏經勘同目録 ). Shōwa hōbō sōmokuroku. 1929.
----, ed. Taishō shinshu daizōkyō sakuin (大正新修大藏經索引). Shōwa hōbō sōmokuroku. 1942.
----, ed. Taishō shinshu daizōkyō sakuin mokuroku (大正新修大藏經索引目録 ). Shōwa hōbō sōmokuroku. 1929.
Teng, Ssü-yü and Biggerstaff, Knight. An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Chinese Reference Works. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971. Harvard-Yenching Institute Studies. vol. 2,
Tokuoka, Ryoei. "The Comparison of the Lhasa Edition with the Sde-dge and Peking Editions." IBK. vol. XV, no. 2, Tokyo: 1967. pages 940-926.
Ui, H. 宇井伯壽, Suzuki, M. 鈴木宗 忠, Kanakura, Y. 金倉圓照 and Tada, T. 多田等觀 . Chibetto daizōkyō sōmokuroku (西藏大藏經總目録). A Complete Catalogue of the Tibetan Buddhist Canons. Sendai: Tohoku Imperial University, 1934.
Wakansho bunrui mokuroku (和漢書分類目録). Kyoto: Ōtani daigaku toshokan, 1967.
Wang-ku 王古 and Kuan-chu-pa 管主 八. Ta tsang sheng chiao fa pao piao mu (大藏聖教法寶標 目). Shōwa hōbō sōmokuroku.
Wei-ching 推淨 . T'ien sheng shih chiao tsung lu (天聖釋教總録). Sung tsang i chen.
Wogihara, Unrai 萩原雲來. Sanskrit-Chinese Dictionary of Buddhist Technical Terms (梵漢對譯佛教辭典). Tokyo: Sankibo, 1959.
Wŏnhyo chŏnjip (元曉全集). Seoul: Pulgyohak tong'inhoe, 1973.
Yi, Hŭi-sŭng 李煕照. Ku'gŏ taesajŏn (국어대사전). Seoul: Minjung sogwan, 1961.
----. Han'guk inmyong taesajŏn (韓國人名大辭典 ). Seoul: Sin'gu munhwa sa, 1967.
Yi, Woon-hō 李耘虚. Pulgyosajŏn (불교사전). Seoul: Pŏpt'ongsa, 1961.
Yijo sillok pulgyo ch'ojon (李朝實録佛教抄存). Seoul: Chung'ang pulgyō chŏnmun hakkyo, 1935-37.
IV. GENERAL WORKS
Ahn, Kai-hyŏn. "Publication of Buddhist Scriptures in the Kŏryŏ Period." Buddhist Culture in Korea. Seoul: International Cultural Foundation, 1974. Korean Culture Series.
Asami, Rintaro 淺見倫太郎. "Kōraiban daizōkyō chōzō nenji ko (高麗板大藏經造年時考 )." Chōsen. vol. 28-29, 1910.
Bagchi, Prabodh Chandra. Le Canon Bouddhique en Chine; Les Traducteurs et les Traductions. vol. 1 and 4, Paris: Sino Indica Publications de 1'Universite de Calcutta, 1927-38.
Ch'en, Kenneth K.S. Buddhism in China: A Historical Survey. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964.
Cho, Myŏng-gi 趙明基. Koryŏ taegak kuksa wa ch'ŏnt'ae sasang (高 麗大學國師와天台思想) Seoul: Tongguk munhwa sa, 1964.
----. Silla pulgyo ŭi inyŏm kwa yŏksa (新羅佛教의理念과 歴史). Seoul: Sin t'aeyang sa, 1962.
Ch'oŭi 草衣. Taedong sŏngyo ko (大東禪教考). Han'guk pulgyo ch'ongsŏ ( 韓國佛教叢書) 1:33-50. Seoul: Poryongak, 1972.
Ch'oe, Nam-sŏn 崔南善. "Chosŏn pulgyo." (朝鮮佛教) Pulgyo (佛教). vol. 74, 1930.
Chŏn, Shin-yong. Buddhist Culture in Korea. Seoul: International Cultural Foundation, 1974. Korean Culture Series.
Chōsen kinseki sōran (朝鮮金石總覧 ). Seoul: Chōsen Stōkufu, 1919.
Ha, Taehung 하대흥 and Mintz, Grafton K. Samguk yusa (三國遺事 ). Seoul: Yŏnsei University Press, 1972.
Han, Woo-keun 韓沽劤. The History of Korea. Seoul: Eul-yoo Publishing Co., 1970.
Han'guk pulgyo ch'ongsō (韓國佛教叢書). Seoul: Poryŏngak, 1972.
Hatada, Takashi 旛田巍. A History of Korea. Santa Barbara: American Bibliographical Center, Clio Press, 1969.
Henthorn, William E. A History of Korea. New York: The Free Press, 1971.
Ikeuchi, Hiroshi 池内宏. "Aratani hakken serareta nehangyō no so." Mansenshi kenkyū chūseihen (滿鮮史研究中世篇 ). vol. 2, 1937. pages 637-669. Tokyo: Zaiuhō kankōkai, 1937.
----. "Futatabi chōsen sokojihon nehangyōso ni tsuite." Mansenshi kenkyū chūseihen. vol. 2, 1937. pages 671-688. Tokyo: Zaiuhō kankōkai, 1937.
----. "Kaīnjiban zōkyo tsuika mokuroku shosai no button." Mansenshi kenkyū chūseihen. vol. 2, 1937. pages 602-614. Tokyo: Zaiuhō kankōkai, 1937.
----. "Kōraichō no daizōkyō." Mansenshi kenkyū chūseihen. vol. 2, 1937. pages 483-614.
----. "Kōraichō no daizōkyō ni kansuru ichi ni no hosei." Mansenshi kenkyū chūseihen. vol. 2, 1937. pages 615-636. Tokyo: Zaiuhō kankōkai, 1937.
Imanishi, Ryu 今西龍. "Kōrai fugaku kokuson ichinen ni tsuite." Kōraishi kenkyu (高麗史研究). pages 115-52. Seoul: Chikazawa shoten, 1944.
----. "Kaitō kōsōden ni tsuite." Kōraishi kenkyu. pages 223-35. Seoul: Chikazawa shoten, 1944.
----. "Shōtoku kanpon sankoku iji ni tsuite (正德刊本三國遺事に就で )." Kōraishi kenkyū. pages 201-21. Seoul: Chikazawa shoten, 1944.
Kim, Pu-sik 金富軾. Samguk sagi (三國史記). Seoul: Chōsen shigakkai, 1928.
Kim, Sang-gi 金庠基. Han'guk chŏnsa (韓國全史). Seoul: Tongguk munhwasa, 1961.
Kim, Sang-gi 金 庠基. "Songdae e issŏsŏŭi Koryŏbon ŭi yut'ong e taehayŏ." Asea yŏn'gu. vol. 8.2, pages 271-79. Seoul: Koryŏ taehakkyo Asea munje yŏn'guso, 1965.
----. "Taegak kuksa Ŭich'ŏn e taehayŏ (大覺國師 義天에대하여)." Kuksasang ŭi chemunje (국아상의 제문제). vol. 3, pages 79-102. Seoul: Kuksa p'yŏnch'an wiwŏnhoe, 1959.
Kim, Yŏng-su 金映遂. "Ogyo yangjong e ch'wi hayŏ." ( (五教兩宗 에 就하여)) Chindan hakpo (震檀學報). vol. 9, pages 145-75. Seoul: 1937.
Kim, Yŏng-t'ae and U, Chŏng-sang. Han 'guk pulgyosa (韓國佛教史). Seoul: Chinsudang, 1970.
Miyahara, Toichi 宮原兎一. "Okamoto keiji 'kōrai daizōkyōban no kokusei' ni tsuite." (岡本敬二「高麗大藏經板の刻成」について )Rekishigaku kenkyū (歴史學研究). vol. 172, pages 35-37. Tokyo: 1954.
No Sa-sin 盧思慎. Sinjŭng tongguk yŏji sŭngnam (新増東 國輿地勝覧 ). Seoul: Kojŏn kanhaenghoe, 1958.
Nukariya, Kaiten 忽滑谷快天. Chŏsen zenkyŏshi (朝鮮禪教史 ). Tokyo: Shunjūasha, 1930.
Ōya,Tokujō 大屋德城. Kōrai zokuzō chōzōkō narabi ni Giten no shiso oyobi hensanjigyō ni kansuru kenkyū (高麗續藏雕造攷並び編纂事業に 關する研究). Kyoto: Benridō, 1937.
Paik, Nak-choon 白樂紹. "Tripitaka Koreana." Transactions of the Korean Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. vol. 32, Seoul: 1951. pages 62-73.
Pak, Chong-hwa 朴鍾和. Han'guk ŭi sasang taejōnjip (韓國의思想大全集 ). Seoul: Tonghwa ch'ulp'an kongsa, 1972.
Pak, Yong-dae 朴容大. Chŭngbo munhōn pigo (増補文獻備考 ). Seoul: Kojŏn kanhaenghoe, 1957.
Seo, Kyung-bo 徐京保. A Study of Korean Zen Buddhism Approached through the Chodangjip. Walnut Creek, California: Cho kye Mountain Zendo, 1969.
Soh, Suh-saing 徐首生. "Kayasan haeinsa p'alman taejanggyŏng yŏn'gu (伽耶山 海印寺八萬大藏經研究)." Kyōngbuk National University Theses Collection. vol. 12, Taegu: 1968. pages 117-75.
Suematsu, Yasukazu 末松保和. Shiragi shi no shomondai (新羅史の諸問題). Tokyo: 1954. Tōyō bunko ronsō. vol. 36,
Takahashi, Goichi 高橋護一. Kaīnji zōkyō hangi ni kansuru chōsa. Seoul: Chōsen sōtokufu, 1914.
Takahashi, Toru 高橋亨. Richō bukkyō (李朝佛教). Tokyo: Hobunkan, 1929.
Yamada, Ryūjō 山田龍城. Bongo button no shobunken (梵語仏典の諸文 献). Kyoto: Heirakuji shoten, 1959.
----. Daijō bukkyō seiritsuron josetsu (大乘仏教 成立論序説). Kyoto: Heirakuji shoten, 1959.
Yi, Ki-baek 李基白. Han'guk sa sin'gang (韓國史新講). Seoul: Ilchogak, 1967.
Yi, Kyu-bo 李圭報. Tongguk Yi Sangguk chip (東國李相國集 ). Seoul: Kojŏn kanhaenghoe, 1959.
Yi, Nŭng-hwa 李能和. Chosŏn pulgyo sa (朝鮮佛教史 ). Han'guk pulgyo ch'ongsŏ (韓國佛教叢書 ). vol. 1, Seoul: Poryŏngak, 1972.
----. Chosŏn pulgyo t'ongsa (朝鮮佛教通史 ). Seoul: Sinmunkwan, 1918.
Yi Pyŏng-do 李丙燾. Han'guk sa taekwan (韓國史大觀). Seoul: Pomungak, 1964.
----. Wŏnmun pyŏng yŏkchu samguk yusa (原文並譯註三國遺 事). Seoul: Tongguk munhwasa, 1956.
Zurcher, Erik. The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1959. Sinica Leidensia. vol. XI,
Copyright © Lewis R. Lancaster — 2004
McCune-Reischauer Romanization System
| 모음 | Roman | 자음 | Initial | Medial | Final |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ㅏ | a | ㄱ | k | k, g (between vowels and after m, n, ng, l), ng (before m, n, l) | k |
| ㅑ | ya | ㄴ | n | n, l (when preceded or followed by l) | n |
| ㅓ | ŏ | ㄷ | t | t, d (between vowels and after m, n, ng) | t |
| ㅕ | yŏ | ㄹ | n | r (between vowels), l (before all other consonants and after n, l), n (after other consonants) | l |
| ㅗ | o | ㅁ | m | m | m |
| ㅛ | yo | ㅂ | p | b (between vowels and after m, n, ng, l), m (before m, n, l), p (before and after all other consonants) | p |
| ㅜ | u | ㅅ | s, sh (before wi) | s, sh (before wi), n (before m, n, l) | t |
| ㅠ | yu | ㅇ | Not romanized | Not romanized, ng (as syllabic final) | ng |
| ㅡ | ŭ | ㅈ | ch | j (between vowels, and after m, n, ng) ch (after all other consnants) | t |
| ㅣ | i | ㅊ | ch’ | ch’ | |
| ㅐ | ae | ㅋ | k’ | k’ | |
| ㅒ | yae | ㅌ | t’ | t’ | |
| ㅔ | e | ㅍ | p’ | p’ | |
| ㅖ | ye | ㅎ | h | h | |
| ㅚ | oe | ㄲ | kk | kk | kk |
| ㅟ | wi | ㄸ | tt | tt | |
| ㅢ | ŭi | ㅃ | pp | pp | |
| ㅘ | wa | ㅆ | ss | ss | |
| ㅙ | wae | ㅉ | tch | tch | |
| ㅝ | wŏ | ||||
| ㅞ | we |
Vowels
| Hangul | ㅏ | ㅐ | ㅑ | ㅒ | ㅓ | ㅔ | ㅕ | ㅖ | ㅗ | ㅘ | ㅙ | ㅚ | ㅛ | ㅜ | ㅝ | ㅞ | ㅟ | ㅠ | ㅡ | ㅢ | ㅣ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romanization | a | ae | ya | yae | ŏ | e* | yŏ | ye | o | wa | wae | oe | yo | u | wŏ | we | wi | yu | ŭ | ŭi | i |
- ㅔ is written as ë after ㅏ and ㅗ. This is to distinguish ㅐ (ae) from ㅏ에 (aë), and ㅚ (oe) and ㅗ에 (oë). The combinations ㅏ에 (aë) and ㅗ에 (oë) very rarely occur except in sentences when a noun is followed by a postposition, as, for example, 회사에서 hoesaësŏ (at a company) and 차고에 ch'agoë (in a garage).
- The Korean surnames 이/리(李) and 이(異) are transcribed as Yi not I[1] (e.g. 이순신 as Yi Sunsin)
Consonants
| Hangul | ㄱ | ㄲ | ㄴ | ㄷ | ㄸ | ㄹ | ㅁ | ㅂ | ㅃ | ㅅ | ㅆ | ㅇ | ㅈ | ㅉ | ㅊ | ㅋ | ㅌ | ㅍ | ㅎ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romanization | Initial | k | kk | n | t | tt | r | m | p | pp | s | ss | – | ch | tch | ch' | k' | t' | p' | h |
| Final | k | k | n | t | – | l | m | p | – | t | t | ng | t | – | t | k | t | p | – | |
- The consonant digraphs (ㄳ, ㄵ, ㄶ, ㄺ, ㄻ, ㄼ, ㄽ, ㄾ, ㄿ, ㅀ, ㅄ) exist only as finals and are transcribed by their actual pronunciation.
| Initial consonant of the next syllable | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ㅇ1 | ㄱ k | ㄴ n | ㄷ t | ㄹ (r) | ㅁ m | ㅂ p | ㅅ2 s | ㅈ ch | ㅊ ch' | ㅋ k' | ㅌ t' | ㅍ p' | ㅎ h | ||
| Final consonant | ㄱ k | g | kk | ngn | kt | ngn(S)/ngr(N) | ngm | kp | ks | kch | kch' | kk' | kt' | kp' | kh |
| ㄴ n | n | n'g | nn | nd | ll/nn | nm | nb | ns | nj | nch' | nk' | nt' | np' | nh | |
| ㄷ t | d | tk | nn | tt | nn(S)/ll(N) | nm | tp | ss | tch | tch' | tk' | tt' | tp' | th | |
| ㄹ l | r | lg | ll/nn | ld3 | ll | lm | lb | ls | lj3 | lch' | lk' | lt' | lp' | rh | |
| ㅁ m | m | mg | mn | md | mn(S)/mr(N) | mm | mb | ms | mj | mch' | mk' | mt' | mp' | mh | |
| ㅂ p | b | pk | mn | pt | mn(S)/mr(N) | mm | pp | ps | pch | pch' | pk' | pt' | pp' | ph | |
| ㅇ ng | ng | ngg | ngn | ngd | ngn(S)/ngr(N) | ngm | ngb | ngs | ngj | ngch' | ngk' | ngt' | ngp' | ngh | |
- ㅇ is an initial consonant before a vowel to indicate the absence of sound.
- 쉬 is romanized shwi.
- In Sino-Korean words, lt and lch respectively.
For ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, and ㅈ, the letters g, d, b, or j are used if voiced, k, t, p, or ch otherwise. Pronunciations such as those take precedence over the rules in the table above.
Examples
- Voiceless/voiced consonants
- 가구 kagu
- 등대 tŭngdae
- 반복 panbok
- 주장 chujang
- The initial consonant ㅇ is disregarded in romanization, since it is only used in order to indicate the absence of sound.
- 국어 (pronounced 구거) kugŏ (not kukŏ)
- 믿음 (pronounced 미듬) midŭm (not mitŭm)
- 법인 (pronounced 버빈) pŏbin (not pŏpin)
- 필요 (pronounced 피료) p'iryo (not p'ilyo)
- r vs. l
- r
- Between two vowels: 가로 karo, 필요 p'iryo
- Before initial ㅎ h: 발해 Parhae, 실험 sirhŏm
- l
- Before a consonant (except before initial ㅎ h), or at the end of a word: 날개 nalgae, 구별 kubyŏl, 결말 kyŏlmal
- ㄹㄹ is written ll: 빨리 ppalli, 저절로 chŏjŏllo
- r
- Consonant assimilations
- 연락 (pronounced 열락) yŏllak
- 독립 (pronounced 동닙) tongnip
- 법률 (pronounced 범뉼) pŏmnyul
- 않다 (pronounced 안타) ant'a
- 맞히다 (pronounced 마치다) mach'ida
- Palatalizations
- 미닫이 (pronounced 미다지) midaji
- 같이 (pronounced 가치) kach'i
- 굳히다 (pronounced 구치다) kuch'ida
Exceptions that do not exactly follow pronunciation
- The sequences -ㄱㅎ-, -ㄷㅎ- (only when palatalization does not occur)/-ㅅㅎ-, -ㅂㅎ- are written kh, th, ph respectively, even though they are pronounced the same as ㅋ (k'), ㅌ (t'), ㅍ (p').
- 속히 sokhi (pronounced 소키)
- 못하다 mothada (pronounced 모타다)
- 곱하기 kophagi (pronounced 고파기)
- When a plain consonant (ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ, or ㅈ) becomes a tensed consonant (ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, or ㅉ) in the middle of a word, it is written k, t, p, s, or ch respectively, even though it is pronounced the same as ㄲ (kk), ㄸ (tt), ㅃ (pp), ㅆ (ss), or ㅉ (tch).
- 태권도 (pronounced 태꿘도) t'aekwŏndo
- 손등 (pronounced 손뜽) sontŭng
- 문법 (pronounced 문뻡) munpŏp
- 국수 (pronounced 국쑤) kuksu
- 한자 (漢字, pronounced 한짜) hancha
North Korean variant
In North Korea's variant of McCune–Reischauer, aspirated consonants are not represented by an apostrophe but are instead by adding an "h". For example, 평안 is written as Phyŏngan. The original system would have it written as P'yŏngan.[citation needed] The North Korean variant renders names of people with each syllable capitalized and no hyphenation between syllables of given names: e.g. "Kim Il Sung" for Kim Il-sung.[2]
South Korean variant
A variant of McCune–Reischauer was in official use in South Korea from 1984 to 2000. The following are the differences between the original McCune–Reischauer and the South Korean variant:
- 시 was written as shi instead of the original system's si. When ㅅ is followed by ㅣ, it is realized as the [ɕ] sound (similar to the English [ʃ] sound (sh as in show)) instead of the normal [s] sound. The original system deploys sh only in the combination 쉬, as shwi.
- ㅝ was written as wo instead of the original system's wŏ in this variant. Because the diphthong w (ㅗ or ㅜ as a semivowel) + o (ㅗ) does not exist in Korean phonology, the South Korean government omitted a breve in wŏ.
- Hyphens were used to distinguish between ㄴㄱ and ㅇㅇ, between ㅏ에 and ㅐ, and between ㅗ에 and ㅚ in this variant system, instead of the apostrophes and ë in the original version. Therefore, apostrophes were used only for aspiration marks and ë was not used in the South Korean system.
- When ㄹ is followed by ㅎ, the ㄹ was written as l in the South Korean variant. Under the original McCune-Reischauer system, it is written as r.
- Assimilation-induced aspiration by an initial ㅎ is indicated. ㄱㅎ is written as kh in the original McCune-Reischauer system and as k' in the South Korean variant.
The following table illustrates the differences above.
| Word | McCune–Reischauer | South Korean variant | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| 시장 | sijang | shijang | market |
| 쉽다 | shwipta | swipta | easy |
| 소원 | sowŏn | sowon | wish, hope |
| 전기 | chŏn'gi | chŏn-gi | electricity |
| 상어 | sangŏ | sang-ŏ | shark |
| 회사에서 | hoesaësŏ | hoesa-esŏ | at a company |
| 차고에 | ch'agoë | ch'ago-e | in a garage |
| 발해 | Parhae | Palhae | Balhae |
| 직할시 | chikhalsi | chik'alshi | directly governed city[3] |
| 못하다 | mothada | mot'ada | to be poor at |
| 곱하기 | kophagi | kop'agi | multiplication |
Other systems[edit]
A third system, the Yale Romanization system, which is a transliteration system, exists but is used only in academic literature, especially in linguistics.
The Kontsevich system, based on the earlier Kholodovich system, is used for transliterating Korean into the Cyrillic script. Like McCune–Reischauer romanization it attempts to represent the pronunciation of a word, rather than provide letter-to-letter correspondence.
See also[
Footnotes
- ^ https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/korean.pdf page 13
- ^ Sweeney, John (2013). North Korea Undercover: Inside the World's Most Secret State. London: Bantam Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4481-7094-4.
- ^ 직할시 (直轄市; "a directly governed city"; jikhalsi in the Revised Romanization) is one of a former administrative divisions in South Korea, and one of a present administrative divisions of North Korea. In 1995, it was replaced by 광역시 (廣域市; gwangyeoksi; "metropolitan city") in South Korea.
External links[edit]
- A Practical Guide to McCune–Reischauer Romanization: Rules, guidelines, and font
- Comparison table of different romanization systems from UN Working Group on Romanization Systems (PDF file)
- PDF files of the 1939 paper, and the 1961 paper
- Romanization System of Korean: McCune Reischauer (with minor modifications) BGN/PCGN 1945 Agreement at the Wayback Machine (archived March 27, 2009)
- Online tool for McCune–Reischauer romanization (with BGN modifications)
McCune–Reischauer romanization (/məˈkuːn ˈraɪʃaʊ.ər/) is one of the two most widely used Korean language romanization systems. A modified version of McCune–Reischauer was the official romanization system in South Korea until 2000, when it was replaced by the Revised Romanization of Korean system. A variant of McCune–Reischauer is still used as the official system in North Korea.[citation needed]
The system was created in 1937 by George M. McCune and Edwin O. Reischauer. With a few exceptions, it attempts not to transliterate Korean hangul but to represent the phonetic pronunciation. McCune–Reischauer is widely used outside Korea.
Contents
[hide]Characteristics and criticism[edit]
Korean has phonologically no distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants, but it phonetically distinguishes them. Aspirated consonants like p', k', and t' are distinguished by apostrophe from unaspirated ones, which may be falsely understood as a separator between syllables (as in 뒤차기 → twich'agi, which consists of the syllables twi, ch'a and gi). The apostrophe is also used to mark transcriptions of ㄴㄱ (n'g) as opposed to ㅇㅇ (ng): 잔금 → chan'gŭm vs. 장음 → changŭm).
Such common omissions were the primary reason the South Korean government adopted a revised system of romanization in 2000. Critics of the revised system claim it fails to represent 어 and 으 in a way that is easily recognizable. Also, it misrepresents the unaspirated consonants the way that they are actually pronounced.
Meanwhile, despite official adoption of the new system in South Korea, many in the Korean Studies community, both inside and outside South Korea and international geographic and cartographic conventions generally continue to use either the McCune–Reischauer or the Yale system. Also, North Korea uses a version of McCune–Reischauer.
Even within South Korea, usage of the new system is less than universal, like the variant of McCune–Reischauer that was the official Romanization system between 1984/1988 and 2000.