비자금, 슬러시 펀드slush fund
영국식 예문보기왜 부정 자금을 ‘슬러시 펀드’라고 하는가?
slush
slush는 “(녹아서) 진창이 된 눈, 질펀한 감상, 질펀하게 감상적인 이야기(영화), 주스 등의 음료를 마시거나 떠먹을 수 있게 살짝 얼린 것”, slush up은 “(길 따위가) 진창이 되다, 진창이 되게 하다”, a snowy or slush-filledstreets는 “눈이 쌓인 또는 눈 녹은 질퍽한 거리”를 뜻한다. In the city the clean white snow had turned togrey slush(도시에서는 깨끗하던 흰 눈이 잿빛 진창으로 변해 있었다). The road has slushed up(길이 진창이 되었다).1)
그런데 slush엔 ‘음식물 찌꺼기’란 뜻도 있다. 원래 영국 해군 함정의 조리장에서 나온 음식물 찌꺼기를 가리키는 말이었다. 그 찌꺼기 중에는 소금에 절인 돼지고기를 요리하는 과정에서 나오는 고기의 지방이 많았는데, 이는 윤활유의 원료로 쓰였다(slush엔 윤활유라는 뜻도 있다). 병사들은 고기 지방을 따로 모아 돈을 받고 팔아 넘겼는데, 이렇게 해서 모은 돈을 slush fund라고 했다. 정치 분야에서 이 말이 쓰이면서 뇌물과 같은 부정 자금의 뜻을 갖게 되었다.2)
a slush fund는 “부정 자금, 뇌물(매수) 자금”, slush fund creation(raising a slush fund)은 “비자금의 조성”이다. 유명 출판사엔 이름 없는 필자들이 보낸 원고들이 한구석에 쌓여 있기 마련인데, 이를 가리켜 ‘슬러시 파일(slush files)’이라고도 한다.3)
It has become easier for corrupt politicians and businessmen to create slush funds with this high-denominated banknote(부패한 정치인들과 기업인들이 고액권으로 비자금을 조성하는 것이 더 쉬워졌다).
He put away a slush fund a couple of years ago(그는 몇 년 전에 비자금을 많이 챙겨두었대). Allegations of bribery and a slush fund creation were not substantiated(뇌물과 비자금 조성에 관한 혐의는 입증되지 않았다).4)
[네이버 지식백과] 왜 부정 자금을 ‘슬러시 펀드’라고 하는가? - slush (인문학은 언어에서 태어났다, 2014. 12. 8., 인물과사상사)
A slush fund (also black fund), colloquially, is an auxiliary monetary account or a reserve fund. However, in the context of corrupt dealings, such as those by governments or large corporations, a slush fund can have particular connotations of illegality, illegitimacy, or secrecy in regard to the source of the funds or how they were acquired or for what purposes they were used. Funds are usually made to discreetly pay influential people in return for preferential treatment, advance information (for example, to acquire non-public information in financial transactions) or some other service. [1]
Political dealings with slush funds tend to create suspicions of quid pro quo(buying political favors), and can be viewed on the surface as corrupt and subversive of the democratic process. For example, Richard Nixon's "Checkers speech" of 1952 was a successful effort to dispel a scandal concerning a rumored slush fund of campaign contributions. Years later Nixon's campaign did use slush funds to buy the silence of the "White House Plumbers".[citation needed]
A slush fund can also be connected to amateur level athletics. In the past fifty years, there have been multiple[citation needed] occurrences where boosters and supporters of a collegiate sport program provide the school and coaches with extra money. This money is then distributed to a number of athletes in order to compensate them for their participation and commitment to their program.
Some of the most memorable scandals that involved slush funds with college athletics occurred at Southern Methodist University in 1986 and the University of Michigan in the 1990s. Southern Methodist's football team was caught receiving money from the school which was being funded by one of the boosters. The University of Michigan had one booster paying several of the men's basketball players, including NBA superstar Chris Webber.
The term slush fund is used in accounting to describe a general ledgeraccount in which all manner of transactions can be posted to commingled funds and "loose" monies by debits and credits cancelling each other out.
Etymology[edit]
The term slush fund was originally a nautical term: the slush was the fat or grease that was skimmed from the top of the cauldron when boiling salted meat. Ship officers would sell the fat to tallow makers, and the money from that sale was called a slush fund.[2]
References[edit]
- ^ Law, Jonathan. A Dictionary of Finance and Banking, 5 ed. ed., 2014. http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199664931.001.0001/acref-9780199664931-e-3516
- ^ "slush fund, n." OED online. Oxford University Press, September 2016. Web. 8 September 2016.
Transparency International, an anticorruption watchdog, monitors the relationship between politics and money around the world. Measuring corruption is difficult and subjective, but in 2015 the group compiled a Corruption Perceptions Index that ranks 168 countries based on the perception of corruption in the public sector.
The lowest ranked nations were, according to the group, all plagued by “conflict and war, poor governance, weak public institutions like police and the judiciary and a lack of independence in the media.”
Years of corruption and war have left thousands of Somalis homeless. Tyler Hicks/The New York Times SomaliaRank 167; Score 8/100Tied for last place on the list, Somalia scored an 8 out of 100 points, with 0 indicating a highly corrupt country and 100 indicating a very clean one.
In July 2013, the United Nations Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea issued a report in which it accused Somalia’s central bank of effectively functioning as a “slush fund.”
Charges of endemic corruption have made it difficult for Somalia’s government to receive money directly from foreign donors and to reclaim overseas assets.
Portraits of the former North Korean leaders Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il in Pyonyang. The regime, a family dynasty, has been accused of using power for private gain. David Guttenfelder/Associated Press North KoreaRank 167; Score 8/100North Korea, a Communist country controlled by Kim Jung-un, the third member of a family dynasty, ranks among those countries where public power is most “exercised for private gain,” according to Transparency International.
Despite corruption being a fact of life, the regime uses allegations of graft as a powerful tool against its enemies.
In May, Ri Yong-gil, a prominent general, was demoted. It was previously reported that he had been executed on charges of corruption.
President Ashraf Ghani, center, was found to be the only one of 83 Afghan officials to fully comply with financial disclosure laws.Sergey Ponomarev for The New York Times AfghanistanRank 166; Score 11/100In September, an American audit found that out of 83 senior officials in the past two Afghan governments, only one — the current president, Ashraf Ghani — fully complied with financial disclosure laws.
The United States and its allies have long seen fighting corruption as crucial to Afghanistan’s long-term success.
Public anger over rampant graft in Afghanistan is a reason many citizens are dissatisfied with the Western-supported government and have begun to support the Taliban insurgents.
President Omar Hassan al-Bashir of Sudan has been accused of corruption and human rights abuses.Mohamed Nureldin Abdallah/Reuters SudanRank 165; Score 12/100Since achieving independence in 1956, Sudan has been racked by civil war.
But the country also has some of Africa’s largest oil reserves, creating imbalances along economic and ethnic lines.
Though on opposite sides of a conflict President Salva Kiir, right, and former Vice President Riek Machar, left, have both been accused of graft. South SudanRank 163; Score 15/100Leaders of the two sides responsible for mass killings and rapes in an ongoing conflict in South Sudan have amassed enormous wealth, some of it illegally, according to an investigative report released in September.
The families and top associates of the principal opponents in the conflict, President Salva Kiir and his rival and former vice president, Riek Machar, own multimillion-dollar properties, drive luxury cars and stay at expensive hotels.
Oil money has helped grow Luanda, Angola's capital, into a gleaming city, but the money has not reached the country's poor.Stephane De Sakutin/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images AngolaRank 163; Score 15/100Rich in natural resources, Angola is endemically corrupt, creating a stark contrast between wealthy urban elites and the rural poor.
The columnist Nicholas Kristof last year called the country an “oil-rich and fabulously corrupt country that also happens to be the deadliest place in the world to be a child.”
Transparency International has blamed the problem in part on the “systematic looting of state assets, and a deeply entrenched patronage system.”
Demonstrators in 2014 celebrated the third anniversary of Muammar el-Qaddafi's death. The new government has been unable to limit corruption. Ismail Zitouny/Reuters LibyaRank 161; Score 16/100In Libya, described as a “kleptocracy” by the State Department when President Muammar el-Qaddafi ruled the country and used its coffers to fund a lavish lifestyle, corruption remains rampant five years after the strongman’s death.
Since Colonel Qaddafi’s death during the upheaval of the 2011 Arab Spring, the country has been racked by instability and violence, further undermining the rule of law and increasing corruption.
Demonstrators demanding reforms in Baghdad's Green Zone in April. Haidar Mohammed Ali/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images IraqRank 161; Score 16/100Corruption has plagued Iraq through the Saddam Hussein regime, the American occupation and the current political turmoil.
Millions of dollars in national oil revenues are lost annually because of corruption, according to American audits.
In April, hundreds of protesters stormed Baghdad’s heavily fortified Green Zone and entered the Parliament building, waving Iraqi flags, breaking furniture and demanding an end to corruption.
Hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans marched in September against the country's Socialist government. Joe Penney/Reuters VenezuelaRank 158; Score 17/100Venezuela is the only country in the Americas included among the list’s most corrupt governments.
Like similarly ranked countries, Venezuela is rich in natural resources but a drop in oil prices and endemic corruption has impoverished the country, leading to massive inflation and a lack of consumer necessities.
In March, the Obama administration renewed an executive ordersanctioning individual Venezuelans accused of committing human rights violations and senior government officials accused of “significant public corruption.”